Periodontal disease is an infection of the gums, which gradually destroys the support of your natural tooth. Dental plaque is the primary cause of gum disease. Bacteria found in plaque produce toxins or poisons, which irritate the gums. They may cause them to turn red, swell and bleed easily. If this irritation continues, the gums separate from the teeth, causing pockets (spaces) to form. Plaque can also harden into a rough, porous substance known as calculus (tartar). This can occur both above and below the gum line. As periodontal disease progresses, the supporting gum tissue and bone that holds teeth in place deteriorate. If left untreated, this leads to tooth loss. However, don't be fooled. With periodontal disease, bleeding, redness, and swelling do not have to be present. Further, pain is usually not associated with periodontal disease.
The two most common forms of periodontal disease are gingivitis and periodontitis. Gingivitis is an inflammation of the gums usually caused by the presence of bacteria and plaque on teeth both above and below the gum line. Gingivitis is reversible and does not cause destruction of the tissues supporting the teeth. Periodontitis involves inflammation of the gums and a destruction of connective tissue and bone that is largely irreversible. If left untreated, gingivitis can lead to periodontitis.
The best way to prevent gum disease is effective daily brushing and flossing as well as regular professional examinations and cleanings. Unfortunately, even with the most diligent home dental care, people still can develop some form of periodontal disease. Once the disease starts, professional intervention is necessary to prevent its progress.
Important factors affecting the health of your gums include:
- Smoking/Tobacco use
- Diabetes
- Stress
- Clenching and grinding teeth
- Medications
- Poor Nutrition
- Genetic Susceptibility (Heredity Problems)
- Puberty, Menopause, Pregnancy in women
Warning signs of gum disease:
- Bleeding gums during tooth brushing and flossing
- Red, swollen or tender gums
- Gums that have pulled away from the teeth
- Persistent bad breath
- Pus between the teeth and gums
- Loose, drifting or separated teeth
- A change in the way your teeth fit together when you bite
- A change in the fit of partial dentures
